HEART DISEASES – GENERAL OVERVIEW

Definition

Heart diseases are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. They may alter the heart’s structure, function, or rhythm.

Key Notes

• Leading cause of death worldwide.

• Can affect people of all ages, but risk increases with age.

• Many cases are preventable through healthy lifestyle choices.

• Symptoms can vary greatly: from none to severe (chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue).

• Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are life-saving.

Main Types of Heart Diseases

1. Ischemic Heart Disease (e.g. heart attack, angina)

• Caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

• Includes: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Angina Pectoris.

2. Heart Failure

• The heart can’t pump blood effectively.

• Can be chronic or acute.

3. Cardiac Arrhythmias

• Abnormal heart rhythms (too fast, too slow, or irregular).

• Examples: Atrial Fibrillation, Tachycardia, Bradycardia.

4. Cardiomyopathies

• Diseases of the heart muscle affecting its structure or function.

• Types: Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive Cardiomyopathy.

5. Valvular Heart Diseases

• Heart valves don’t open or close properly.

• Examples: Aortic Stenosis, Mitral Regurgitation.

6. Congenital Heart Diseases

• Structural heart defects present from birth.

• Examples: Ventricular Septal Defect, Tetralogy of Fallot.

7. Aortic Disease and Pericarditis

• Includes aneurysms, aortic dissection, and inflammation of the pericardium